U.S COMMITTEE FOR REFUGEES AND IMMIGRANTS
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SNAP: A Survival Lifeline for Refugees and Immigrants Will End on November 1

October 30, 2025

Starting November 1, 2025, all states must implement eligibility changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)—the federal food assistance program. These changes resulting from to H.R. 1, the “One Big Beautiful Bill Act,” will take effect despite the ongoing federal government shutdown and its impact on SNAP assistance for over 40 million Americans. 

The major change USCRI is tracking for the people and communities we serve is that SNAP will be limited to: 

  • U.S. citizens; 
  • Legal permanent residents (or Green Card holders), who may be subject to the five-year bar; 
  • Cuban and Haitian entrants; and 

 

That means that refugees, asylees, survivors of human trafficking, survivors of domestic violence, and other noncitizens will be ineligible for federal food assistance.   

This is a serious change for these groups, many of whom are in the United States under a humanitarian-based immigration status. Refugee families will have trouble meeting food needs for growing children. Asylees who have had to flee their countries without their families will have to decide whether to pay for food or to pay application fees to bring their spouses and children to safety. Survivors of human trafficking, many of whom are assisting law enforcement investigations into trafficking networks, will be without food security.  

The rollout of these changes is causing unnecessary uncertainty. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the federal agency that administers SNAP, has not yet provided guidance to states on what H.R. 1 means for noncitizen eligibility. Some states are interpreting H.R. 1 to mean that refugees and other noncitizens must wait five years after they are granted a Green Card before receiving SNAP. Even though H.R. 1 did not amend the law that exempts these groups from the five-year bar, in the face of unclear guidance from the federal government, some states have started to over-restrict SNAP benefits. For example, Vermont is subjecting Afghan and Iraqi Special Immigrant Visa (SIV) holders, who arrive to the United States as Green Card holders, to the five-year bar.  

States can decide how to notify beneficiaries about changes. Some states are sending individual termination letters to newly ineligible individuals. Other states plan to make that determination at a future recertification hearing. States that disburse SNAP benefits to ineligible individuals can later demand reimbursement, even if the individual is not at fault.  

SNAP Impacts More Than Beneficiaries 

SNAP is an investment that gives back, and it gives back at higher impact to rural communities. SNAP dollars go directly to food retailers, farmers markets, and local businesses. Every $1 in SNAP benefits generates about $1.50 of economic activity during economic downturns. Cutting SNAP eligibility will hurt the most where SNAP beneficiaries are located and where newly ineligible noncitizens reside.   

 

Map: Center for American Progress  

 

H.R. 1 also imposes several changes to SNAP which will impact all beneficiaries, regardless of citizenship. For the first time ever, starting in Fiscal Year 2028, states will have to pay for a percentage of the program. This change is causing many states to reevaluate their budgets and consider ways to fill the gaps. Many states will find that financially challenging, due to growing healthcare costs and food access gaps due to other federal policy changes. 

Cutting off SNAP is just the beginning. H.R. 1 cuts eligibility for Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and Medicare for refugees, asylees, and other noncitizens. Medicaid/CHIP changes will be implemented on October 1, 2026. All these programs are lifelines for the people who receive assistance. These programs provide a much-needed bridge to stability for populations to whom the United States has pledged protection, a home, and a new life. Further, they are not drains on public budgets but instead play an important role in supporting local businesses and communities as the Center for American Progress reports. 

 

Shutdown Impacts: All SNAP Beneficiaries at Risk 

On November 1, 2025, the impacts on refugees, asylees, and other noncitizens will be felt by all SNAP beneficiaries. During the federal government shutdown, all individuals receiving SNAP benefits, regardless of citizenship, are at risk of food insecurity. On October 24, USDA notified states that it would pause November 2025 SNAP benefits. The federal government will not be shuffling funds, as it did to provide food assistance for women and infant children, and it will not tap into an emergency contingency fund that is at its disposal to continue operations.  

SNAP is an integral part of the nation’s safety web. SNAP symbolizes much more than being able to pay for food. SNAP-Ed, which was defunded by H.R. 1, provided education and assistance on how to shop for healthy food and cook nutritious meals. SNAP beneficiaries can benefit from discounts on museums, zoos, fitness centers, utilities, college application fees, and others. Also, SNAP eligibility leads to automatic eligibility for other programs, such as summer food assistance for school children (SUN Bucks). For now, it’s unclear how eligibility for those programs will be impacted. But that uncertainty shows that there is much more at stake than food, which is already a necessary element for survival. 

 

What Can You Do? 

The federal government said that it will not step in to restore November SNAP benefits. When the federal government shutdown ends, refugees and other noncitizens will continue to feel the squeeze. Right now, every little bit that an individual does to help will make an impact.  

  • Find your local refugee office. Most major cities or towns have one. Ask how you can donate or volunteer.  
  • Call your federal, local, and state elected officials. Tell them why you care about this issue and ask them how they plan to fill in the gaps. 
  • Donate to USCRI to help support our network of partners as they provide emergency food assistance and advocate for policies that ensure refugees and immigrants are not left behind. 

 

For more information about H.R. 1’s impact on refugees and forcibly displaced populations in the United States, see USCRI’s tracker here. 


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