
Global Perspectives on Strengthening the...
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=""]By: Rachel Ryu, Staff Attorney, Humanitarian Legal Services Contributors’ words and views are their own. Commentary by the author...
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Since the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, the United States has built its anti-trafficking response around a core premise: survivors who come forward deserve protection, and the institutions they turn to must be capable of delivering it. For twenty-five years, the “three Ps” framework — prosecution, protection, and prevention — has organized federal efforts to hold traffickers accountable, support survivors, and reduce the conditions that enable exploitation.
In 2026, that framework is under threat from a series of administrative decisions that have collectively eroded investigative capacity, stripped survivors of access to services, and created conditions that deter survivors from seeking support. To mark World Day Against Trafficking in Persons in 2026, this brief maps the current state of play across the trafficking ecosystem.
Across diplomacy, funding, immigration relief, and direct services, federal capacity to combat trafficking and support survivors has been cut nearly across the board since the start of 2025. This leaves survivors with less protection, less support, and greater exposure to re-exploitation. The numbers tell the story:
The number of pending T visa applications that need to be adjudicated by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). In 2025, the agency moved T visa processing from a dedicated service center in Vermont, with specialized staff making progress on the backlog, to service centers across the country. Although the single-site model received criticism for constraining capacity, USCIS has not published a rationale for the transition, performance data, or a plan to transfer the specialized adjudication expertise.
The average USCIS processing time for T visa applications as of April 2026, increased to 28.2 months, up from 20.8 months in September 2025. Under the 2024 T Visa Final Rule, applicants who receive a bona fide determination are granted deferred action and are eligible for employment authorization while their applications remain pending. However, legal service providers report that USCIS is often not issuing these determinations or the accompanying employment authorization in a timely manner. As a result, many survivors waiting for adjudication are left without stable immigration status, work authorization, a Social Security number (SSN), or reliable access to benefits, preventing them from working lawfully and increasing their vulnerability to re-exploitation.
The share of advocates and attorneys who report that their clients are now afraid to call the police, due to concerns around immigration enforcement. This is according to a 2025 national survey conducted by the Alliance for Immigrant Survivors among more than 170 advocates and attorneys nationwide working with immigrant survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking. The T visa asks trafficking survivors to do exactly this: come forward to law enforcement. When fear of immigration enforcement keeps victims away from police, the protection Congress built for them becomes far more difficult to access, survivors remain vulnerable to continued exploitation, and the traffickers are more likely to evade accountability.
The reduction in assistance offered to survivors through USCRI’s Trafficking Victim Assistance Program (TVAP) and Aspire: Child Trafficking Victim Assistance Program, due to insufficient funding. USCRI provides subrecipient partner agencies with a per-survivor allocation that covers both case management costs and assistance with survivor needs such as food, personal care items, and rent. This reduction has left survivors more vulnerable to homelessness, food insecurity, and re-victimization.
According to media reports, staffing within the State Department’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) has been reduced by approximately 70%, J/TIP is the office within the State Department that leads U.S. diplomatic engagement on trafficking worldwide and administers international anti-trafficking assistance. It is also the office responsible for producing the legally required annual Trafficking in Persons Report. According to media reports, the number of staff responsible for writing the report has dropped from 31 people to just nine. The 2025 Trafficking in Persons Report was delayed three months past its statutory deadline of June 30, the first time it had been so delayed. As of publication, the 2026 TIP report has not yet been released.
More than $500 million in international grants were terminated by the Department of Labor’s Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB) in March 2025. The terminations affected 69 programs across more than 40 countries that addressed child labor, forced labor, human trafficking, and labor rights. For more than two decades, ILAB has been the U.S. government’s primary funder of international child labor remediation and one of its largest funders of efforts to combat forced labor and labor trafficking globally. As of July 2026, the grants had not been restored, despite ongoing calls from Members of Congress and civil society organizations to reinstate the funding.
Since January 2025, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has redirected Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) agents from trafficking work towards immigration enforcement and deportation operations. In May of 2025, the Department of Justice (DOJ) began decommissioning the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces, an interagency program established in 1982 to dismantle transnational criminal networks, including drug cartels, organized crime, and human trafficking rings. By the end of Fiscal Year 2025, DOJ had shuttered OCDETF as a standalone program and, in its FY2026 budget, eliminated it as a separate budget component, redistributing its resources to other DOJ agencies.
Appropriators in both parties had previously indicated support for keeping the program. The DOJ disbanded it regardless and now bills to restore the program are pending in both chambers. The DOJ announced an expansion of Joint Task Force Alpha, which targets human smuggling and trafficking networks along the border. The mandate for this task force is narrower, and there is no public accounting that explains how the transnational trafficking caseload will be absorbed. The FY2025 prosecution figures, when DOJ publishes them, will help measure the impact of these decisions.
T visas, which grant an immigration status allowing survivors of human trafficking to remain and work legally in the United States, were built on a promise. That promise is that if people come forward and are willing to help law enforcement, they will receive protection. Despite bipartisan calls for a significant reduction in the time it takes to adjudicate T visas, processing times have stretched beyond two years.
New vetting requirements are also problematic for survivors. As of March 2026, the State Department extended its online presence review to both T and U visa applicants. U visas are another immigration status designed to protect noncitizen victims of crimes and who have suffered mental or physical abuse. The expanded screening from the State Department requires applicants to disclose five years of their social media accounts and to make those profiles publicly viewable. This creates risks such as exposing one’s location or providing information to trafficking networks, placing survivors at risk of severe harm.
At the same time, benefits that survivors depend on are ending. Refugees, asylees, and survivors of trafficking lost eligibility for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) on November 1, 2025, and will lose Medicaid eligibility on October 1, 2026. These losses are a particular hardship for survivors without work authorization, whether from delays or ineligibility. Not being able to access SNAP and Medicaid leaves individuals, families, and especially children incredibly vulnerable. It is the difference between eating and going hungry, between treatment and dealing with an unchecked illness. According to case managers, some individuals have not had access to medical care in years despite having severe medical issues like kidney damage from prolonged dehydration.
Finally, courts have increasingly become a place of risk rather than refuge. ICE has arrested immigrants leaving court hearings, and judges have declined to protect survivors with pending T visa applications from detention and removal, even as survivors present evidence of their applications. Cases are pushed into expedited removal at ICE’s request, removing due process. For any survivor weighing whether to come forward, the system is asking them to step into public view, while offering less and less protection when they do so.
Prevention depends on community trust and education. When vulnerable populations withdraw from schools, hospitals, and law enforcement out of fear, traffickers face less community resistance, and survivors remain invisible longer—allowing traffickers to continue recruiting new victims. This chilling effect on immigrant communities is clear and well documented by the Alliance for Immigrant Survivors in a 2025 report.
Currently, federal investment in prevention education remains underfunded and uncertain.
The Frederick Douglass TVPRA Reauthorization Act (H.R. 1144) would reauthorize the limited prevention education grants that currently exist. This time last year, the bill passed out of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs by voice vote, but its path to passage in the House and Senate remains an uphill climb. Meanwhile, international programs that address the root causes of human trafficking—such as poverty, lack of education, and misinformation—have been sharply curtailed.
1. Increase federal funding for the Office on Trafficking in Persons (OTIP) and survivor assistance programs, including the Trafficking Victim Assistance Program, so survivors can access the housing, case management, and other support services they need to rebuild their lives;
2. Restore Medicaid and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility for foreign national trafficking survivors so survivors and their families can access necessities while they recover; and
3. Provide USCIS with the resources needed to reduce T visa backlogs and ensure timely processing of employment authorization documents and Social Security numbers for eligible survivors.
4. Conduct oversight of federal anti-trafficking efforts, including staffing and capacity at the State Department’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, the Department of Homeland Security’s trafficking investigations, and the distribution of victim services grants;
5. Support and call for the passage of the Frederick Douglass Trafficking Victims Prevention and Protection Reauthorization Act (H.R. 1144) and provide FY2027 funding for the prevention education grants authorized under the TVPA;
6. Foreign national survivors of human trafficking should not face additional barriers after finding the courage to seek help. The promise of the TVPA is clear: survivors who come forward deserve protection, and the systems responsible for supporting them must work.

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=""]By: Rachel Ryu, Staff Attorney, Humanitarian Legal Services Contributors’ words and views are their own. Commentary by the author...
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=""]Since January 2025, a wave of new policies has reshaped daily life for refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrant families...
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=""]Last month, the Policy & Advocacy team launched Their Future, Their Voice: Centering Displaced Children in Global Protection and...
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