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Navigating Instability: A Country Conditions Overview of South Sudan

September 2, 2025

South Sudan, the world’s youngest nation, continues to grapple with profound political, economic, and humanitarian challenges more than a decade after gaining independence on July 9, 2011. Despite hopes for peace and stability, the country has experienced recurring cycles of armed conflict, fragile governance, and widespread displacement. The consequences of civil war, coupled with ongoing intercommunal violence, human rights abuses, and a deteriorating humanitarian situation, have left millions in need of aid and protection.

This report provides an overview of country conditions in South Sudan as of August 2025.

BACKGROUND

Peace was short-lived following South Sudan’s independence. Longstanding grievances, ethnic tensions, and a political struggle between President Salva Kiir Mayardit and First Vice President Riek Machar created violence and instability between the two opposing coalitions, their supporters, and allied armed groups. Political struggle erupted into civil war in 2013 when President Kiir accused Vice President Machar of an attempted coup against him. Machar was removed from his role as vice president, and soon after, violence surged between ethnic groups—largely among the Dinka who aligned with Kiir, and the Nuer who aligned with Machar.

Violence spread rapidly across South Sudan. The civil war between December 2013 and August 2015 was marked by mass atrocities perpetrated by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) lead by Kiir, and the SPLA-In Opposition (SPLA-IO) led by Machar. Civilians were killed, sexually violated, and displaced. Civilian infrastructure was destroyed, and children were abducted and recruited as soldiers. An estimated 400,000 people were killed during the civil war and millions were displaced.

Peace deals between 2015 and 2018 were enacted and fell apart, returning South Sudan to violence. Kiir and Machar participated in negotiations in 2018 that led to ceasefire and power-sharing commitments, as well as a fragile peace agreement to end the war. The Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) included a power-sharing arrangement between Kiir and Machar, and the two formed a unity government in 2020. Delays in full implementation of the plan continued to fuel insecurity and tensions in the country. South Sudan was scheduled to hold its first general elections in December 2024, however, the transitional period continues to be extended, and elections have been postponed to December 2026.

 

Read the complete report here


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