U.S COMMITTEE FOR REFUGEES AND IMMIGRANTS
  • LANGUAGE OPTIONS


The Double Minority Challenge Faced by Immigrants And Refugees with Disabilities

December 3, 2024

By Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert
with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA

December 3 is International Day of People with Disabilities and in observance of this day, USCRI stands in solidarity with and supports the dignity, rights, and well-being of all people with disabilities, particularly those who have been forcibly displaced. We recognize the importance of raising awareness and advocating for a future where immigrants and refugees with disabilities experience equal opportunities in healthcare, humanitarian and resettlement assistance, the workforce, and their day-to-day lives.

According to the CDC, a disability is any condition of the body or mind that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities and interact with the world around them. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2011, p. 4), disability is an “umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, referring to the negative aspects of the interaction between an individual (with a health condition) and contextual factors (environmental and personal factors).” The concept of disability encompasses short- and long-term physical, developmental, intellectual, psychological, emotional or behavioral disabilities which interact with various barriers to hinder full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others (Migration Data Portal, 2023).

Displacement due to war, persecution, or economic hardship disproportionately impacts individuals with disabilities who are an often-overlooked demographic, even though they face the double minority challenge – a term that refers to the unique challenges and barriers associated with being an immigrant or refugee and having a disability. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), approximately 15% of the world’s population lives with a disability, and this prevalence increases among refugee populations (UNHCR, 2020) with estimates ranging between 15% and 33% (Kaur et al., 2024; Migration Data Portal, 2023; Rfat et al., 2022). Disabilities among immigrants and refugees can result from traumatic experiences such as armed conflict, violence, torture, or inadequate healthcare during all phases of migration, or may be pre-existing and exacerbated by conditions during forced displacement.

 

Challenges Faced by Immigrants and Refugees with Disabilities

 

Mental Health Impacts

Displacement and disability compound the risk of mental health issues and research indicates that experiencing trauma-related disabilities is closely linked to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression among forcibly displaced populations (Mirza, 2017). The challenges associated with forced migration – such as loss of home, separation from family, and exposure to violence – are further exacerbated by the limitations and stigma associated with disability, as well as by resettlement challenges, such as financial insecurity, discrimination, and limited access to culturally responsive healthcare. These limitations can lead to a sense of helplessness and dependence, which in turn exacerbates feelings of isolation and alienation (Boyle et al., 2022). Moreover, the stigma surrounding disabilities in many cultures can result in exclusion from social and community networks, which are essential for emotional and practical support. This exclusion is particularly problematic for those living in refugee camps or temporary housing, where opportunities for social engagement are already limited. Social isolation has been shown to significantly worsen mental health outcomes, emphasizing the need for inclusive community-based interventions (Boyle et al., 2022).

 

Barriers to Accessing Services

In the context of conflicts or natural disasters where people are forced to flee insecurity and violence, the intersection between disability and forced migration is even more complex. Whereas disability may be a consequence of forced displacement, refugees with disabilities are more likely to be left stranded in every aspect of humanitarian assistance due to physical, environmental, and societal barriers that prevent them from accessing information, health and rehabilitation services, and human rights protection (UNDESA, 2016). For example, research has shown that disability and chronic health conditions are frequently not identified during pre-arrival health screenings, thus failing to provide resettlement agencies and refugee healthcare providers with the necessary information to identify and address the complex needs of immigrants and refugees with disabilities (Mirza et al., 2014).

 

Immigrants and refugees with disabilities often encounter structural barriers when trying to access health care, education, or employment opportunities in host countries. Many services are not designed to accommodate disabilities or are inaccessible due to language and cultural differences. A lack of English language proficiency among immigrants and refugees and a lack of linguistic diversity among healthcare providers, as well as a lack of trained interpreters, all hinder healthcare access for refugees and immigrants with disabilities (Mirza et al., 2014). Communication barriers and lack of knowledge about mainstream health services were found to be major barriers to accessing services for developmental disabilities among Asian refugees in the U.S. (Choi & Wynne, 2000). Research by Mirza (2017) underscores that systemic discrimination, and limited resources exacerbate these challenges for immigrants and refugees with disabilities. Even when services are available, they may not be adequately equipped to address the dual challenges of disability and displacement. Studies have also shown that individuals with disabilities are less likely to receive timely mental health interventions, placing them at greater risk for long-term psychological distress (Wickenden et al., 2020).

 

Legal and Policy Gaps

Legal frameworks in many countries do not adequately address the unique needs of refugees with disabilities and some countries have restrictions on the immigration of individuals with intellectual disabilities, partially due to the cost of needed health and educational services (Amini et al., 2024). While some nations have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), implementation often lags due to resource constraints and competing priorities (Wickenden et al., 2020). Research by Human Rights First (Ritchin, 2023) found that due to a lack of policy documents or guidance on disability access in immigration court proceedings, and due to failures by immigration judges to recognize the impacts of disabilities on memory and testimony or to take into account court-submitted medical records, immigrants with neurological, cognitive, and mental health disabilities in the U.S. have been denied safeguards and accommodations, with some found not credible and denied protection. For example, Human Rights First described a female asylum seeker with brain cancer that caused cognitive and memory issues was found not credible because of her inability to recall certain times, dates, and the precise chronology of events in her claim (Ritchin, 2023).

 

Strategies for Inclusion and Support

 

Despite these challenges, many immigrants and refugees with disabilities demonstrate remarkable resilience. Protective factors, such as strong family support, access to inclusive community programs, and connections with disability advocacy organizations can mitigate the negative impacts on accessibility and physical and mental health. Participatory approaches that engage immigrants and refugees with disabilities in designing services can ensure cultural and contextual relevance (Mirza, 2017). For example, inclusive community programs that promote peer support and cultural adjustment can provide a sense of belonging and empowerment, which are crucial for overall well-being and addressing the intersectional needs of immigrants and refugees with disabilities (Miyawaki et al., 2022). Governments and international organizations should prioritize the integration of disability-inclusive policies in migration frameworks. For example, targeted funding for accessible housing and education can bridge gaps in service provision (Wickenden et al., 2020). Lastly, raising awareness about the challenges faced by this demographic can help mobilize support and resources. For example, advocacy efforts should emphasize the rights and contributions of immigrants and refugees with disabilities, challenging stigmas and combatting discrimination.

 

The experiences of immigrants and refugees with disabilities highlight the importance of adopting an intersectional approach to inclusion. While significant barriers persist, proactive strategies can enhance their quality of life and empower them as valued members of their host communities. Addressing these challenges is not only a moral imperative but also a critical step toward achieving equitable and inclusive societies.

 

References

Amini, E., Etemadi, M., Shahabi, S., Barth, C. A., Honarmandi, F., Karami Rad, M., & Lankarani, K. B. (2024). Barriers and enabling

factors for utilizing physical rehabilitation services by Afghan immigrants and refugees with disabilities in Iran: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 893. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18374-4

Boyle, C., Slewa-Younan, S., & Guajardo, M. G. (2022). Refugee mental health and disability: Addressing the intersecting

vulnerabilities. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 24(3), 456-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-021-01267-y

Choi, K-H & Wynne, M. E. (2000). Providing services to Asian Americans with developmental disabilities and their families:

Mainstream service providers’ perspectives. Community Mental Health Journal, 36(6), 589-595. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001934202450

Kaur, M., Kamalyan, L., Abubaker, D., Alheresh, R., & Al-Rousan, T. (2024). Self-reported disability among recently resettled

refugees in the United States: Results from the National Annual Survey of Refugees. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 26(3), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-023-01580-4

Migration Data Portal. (2023). Disability and human mobility. Retrieved from https://www.migrationdataportal.org/themes/disability-and-human-mobility#:~:text=Persons%20with%20disabilities%20are%20often,disability%20are%20often%20not%20collected.

Mirza, M., Luna, R., Mathews, B., Hasnain, R., Hebert, E., Niebauer, A., & Mishra, U. D. (2014). Barriers to healthcare access among

refugees with disabilities and chronic health conditions resettled in the US Midwest. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16, 733-742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9906-5

Mirza, M. (2017). Disability and displacement: Understanding refugee experiences. Disability & Society, 32(9), 1437-1458.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1348704

Miyawaki, C. E., Liu, M., Park, V. T., Tran, M. T., & Markides, K. S. (2022). Social support as a moderator of physical disability and

mental health in older Vietnamese immigrants in the US: results from the Vietnamese Aging and Care Survey (VACS). Geriatric Nursing, 44, 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.01.012

Rfat, M., Zeng, Y., Yang, Y., Adhikari, K., & Zhu, Y. (2022). A scoping review of needs and barriers to achieving a livable life among

refugees with disabilities: Implications for future research, practice, and policy. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 20(3), 373-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/26408066.2022.2162357

Wickenden, M., Thomson, R., & Rohwerder, B. (2020). Inclusive humanitarian action for refugees with disabilities. Journal of

               Refugee Studies, 33(4), 654-671. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez041

World Health Organization. (2011). World report on disability. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/disabilities/worldreport/2011/report.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2020). Persons with disabilities in displacement: A global review.

Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org

 


Related Posts

International Day of Tolerance

Difference is of the essence of humanity. Difference is an accident of birth and it should therefore never be the...

READ FULL STORY

International Day Against Violence &...

By: Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA...

READ FULL STORY

World Mental Heath Day: Spotlight...

By: Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA...

READ FULL STORY