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What is Labor Trafficking?

January 23, 2025

Human trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons, is a heinous crime that involves the buying or selling of people for labor or sex. Victims and survivors can be subjected to physical and psychological abuse, with their basic human rights systematically violated. Despite ongoing efforts, human trafficking remains a pressing challenge.

Labor Trafficking

Labor trafficking is the exploitation of an individual for financial gain. Traffickers treat humans like commodities, profit from the mistreatment of their workforce, and use force, fraud, or coercion to push people to provide labor or services against their will and make it difficult or impossible to leave. Individuals in labor trafficking are often not free to make their own life choices, such as where to work, when to take time off, where to live, or how to control their own finances.

The true extent of labor trafficking is unknown because it is an underreported crime. Labor trafficking can occur in various industries, such as manufacturing, seafood, poultry, agriculture, healthcare, hospitality, and construction.

Definition of Labor Trafficking

According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), as amended (22 U.S.C. § 7102)—the first comprehensive federal law to address human trafficking—labor trafficking is defined as:

  • The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion, for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

Intersection of Vulnerabilities with Labor Trafficking

Nearly all trafficking stems from some sort of vulnerability. Human traffickers often target economically and socially underserved communities with the fewest legal and social protections, exploiting their economic hardships, lack of education, or immigration status. Here are some examples of how labor trafficking can intersect with existing risk factors:

  1. Legal Status: Individuals with precarious immigration statuses are particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Fear of deportation or legal repercussions often prevents them from seeking help, while traffickers can exploit their lack of immigration status and their dependency on traffickers for shelter or work. Temporary work visas tied to specific employers can also foster dependency, leaving workers vulnerable to abuse.
  2. Conflict and Displacement: Refugees and internally displaced persons fleeing war, natural disasters, or persecution are at high risk of trafficking. Traffickers often target those in camps or transit, offering false promises of safety, work, legal advice, or resettlement.
  1. Gender Inequality: Women and girls face heightened risks of being trafficked due to systemic gender inequalities. In some cultures, deeply ingrained gender norms and violence against women exacerbate their vulnerability. Additionally, transgender women often experience discrimination and poverty, which traffickers can exploit.
  2. Lack of Support Systems: Individuals without strong family or community ties—such as runaway youth, migrants, or those in foster care—are particularly vulnerable. Traffickers often pose as protectors or providers, filling the emotional or practical void left by a lack of stable support.
  1. Health Vulnerabilities: Individuals with disabilities or chronic illnesses may be targeted for trafficking due to their limited ability to advocate for themselves or seek help. Similarly, those with mental health challenges may be manipulated through coercion, addiction, or dependence on traffickers for basic needs like medication.
  2. Incarceration and Criminal Records: Individuals with criminal records may face stigma, limited employment options, and lack of access to support services, making them vulnerable to trafficking. Traffickers can exploit their desperation for work or rehabilitation opportunities, often coercing them into exploitative situations.
  3. Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking Overlap: Migrants seeking to escape dire conditions in their home countries may encounter traffickers posing as smugglers. Once they arrive in a destination country, traffickers can exploit their lack of legal status and isolation to force them into exploitative working conditions.

Addressing trafficking requires a holistic approach that tackles these root vulnerabilities. Preventive measures must include economic empowerment, anti-discrimination efforts, stronger social safety nets, and systemic reforms to create equitable access to opportunities and support services. By understanding the root causes of trafficking, we can create safer, more empowered communities.

If you suspect someone is in a potential trafficking situation, contact a relevant anti-trafficking organization, such as the National Human Trafficking Hotline: 1-888-373-7888, via text at 2333733, or USCRI’s trafficking services: 1-800-307-4712 or via email at [email protected] and/or [email protected]. Reporting your suspicions to the appropriate authorities can help ensure a proper investigation and the safety of the individual.


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