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What is Sex Trafficking?

January 28, 2025

Human trafficking, also known as trafficking in persons, is a heinous crime that involves the exploitation and coercion of individuals for various purposes, such as sexual exploitation. Victims and survivors can be subjected to physical and psychological abuse, with their basic human rights systematically violated. Despite ongoing efforts, human trafficking remains a pressing challenge.

Sex Trafficking

Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Survivors of sex trafficking include all races, genders, socioeconomic backgrounds, and nationalities, which means that not only women and girls can be victims and survivors of sex trafficking. Because victims may fear for their safety and well-being or have concerns about the criminal justice system, legal system, or other social services, sex trafficking is an underreported crime.

Definition of Sex Trafficking

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA), as amended (22 U.S.C. § 7102)—the first comprehensive U.S. federal law to address human trafficking—defines sex trafficking as:

  • The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of a commercial sex act in which the commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion;
    • The term “commercial sex act” means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person.
  • If the person is under 18 years of age, any commercial sex act, whether or not force, fraud, or coercion is involved.

Intersection of Vulnerabilities with Sex Trafficking

Nearly all trafficking stems from some sort of vulnerability. Human traffickers often target disadvantaged individuals with the fewest legal and social protections, exploiting their economic hardships, lack of education, or immigration status. Here are some examples of how sex trafficking can intersect with existing risk factors:

  1. Exclusion from Legal Protections: Survivors without legal status may feel unsupported by law enforcement or legal systems, particularly in cases where trafficking survivors are treated as criminals rather than victims. This is especially true in jurisdictions that criminalize sex work.
  2. Poverty: Economic hardship often drives individuals to seek opportunities for survival, making them vulnerable to traffickers promising employment or financial stability. For instance, young people in marginalized communities may be lured into trafficking under the guise of modeling, entertainment, or service jobs, only to find themselves trapped in exploitative situations.
  3. Gender Inequality: Women and girls face heightened risks of being trafficked, particularly for sexual exploitation, due to systemic gender inequalities. Traffickers exploit societal attitudes that commodify women’s bodies and use coercion, manipulation, and violence to maintain control. Additionally, transgender individuals who rely on sex work to make a living often experience discrimination and poverty, which traffickers exploit.
  4. Discrimination and Stigma: Societal biases and systemic discrimination against underserved groups—such as racial and ethnic minorities, LGBTQIA+ individuals, and persons with disabilities—limit their access to protections and resources, creating conditions where exploitation can thrive. Male victims are far less likely to be identified due to shame or stigma. LGBTQIA+ boys and young men are particularly vulnerable to sex trafficking.
  5. Systemic Barriers: Inequities in education, healthcare, and legal systems often exacerbate vulnerabilities. Survivors of sex trafficking may face stigma and criminalization, discouraging them from seeking help. Immigrants with precarious legal status, for instance, may fear deportation if they report their traffickers, while low-income individuals may lack access to safe housing or victim support services.
  6. Lack of Support: Those without strong familial or community networks are at heightened risk. Runaway and homeless youth, for example, are frequently targeted by traffickers who offer false promises of shelter, safety, or affection. The absence of reliable support systems makes it harder for victims to escape exploitation once ensnared.
  7. Minors Engaged in Commercial Sex Acts:The involvement of minors in prostitution or other commercial sex acts is a clear indicator of sex trafficking. It is important, however, to understand what circumstances have led to the minor being involved in commercial sex.

Addressing trafficking requires a holistic approach that tackles these root vulnerabilities. Preventive measures must include economic empowerment, anti-discrimination efforts, stronger social safety nets, and systemic reforms to create equitable access to opportunities and support services. By understanding the root causes of trafficking, we can create safer, more empowered communities.

If you suspect someone is in a potential trafficking situation, contact a relevant anti-trafficking organization, such as the National Human Trafficking Hotline: 1-888-373-7888, via text at 2333733, or USCRI’s trafficking services: 1-800-307-4712 or via email at [email protected] and/or [email protected]. Avoid confronting potential traffickers directly, as it may put the victim at greater risk. Reporting your suspicions to the appropriate authorities can help ensure a proper investigation and the safety of the individual.


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