U.S COMMITTEE FOR REFUGEES AND IMMIGRANTS
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FAMILY UNITY IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO: A RIGHT AT RISK AND A GROWING HUMANITARIAN CONCERN

May 15, 2026

By Vincent Viallard, Strategic Communications, Advocacy, and Mobilization InternĀ 

On the International Day of Families, it is essential to shed light on an issue that often remains invisible: families separated by forced displacement, migration, and the risks associated with return in Central America and Mexico. The right to family unity, recognized under international human rights law and progressively developed within the international refugee protection regime, remains out of reach for thousands of people.Ā Ā 

An alarming realityĀ 

In 2022, two out of every five asylum seekers worldwide came from Latin America and the Caribbean (DWB, 2023). Yet family reunification procedures — which are essential to preventing prolonged and traumatic separations — continue to face systemic barriers. Families flee violence, poverty, and persecution, only to become trapped in administrative labyrinths marked byĀ high costs,Ā income requirements, and restrictive definitions of family.Ā Ā 

In the case of Mexico, current legislation limits family reunification processes primarily to certain degrees ofĀ specific family and blood relationshipsĀ (Government of Mexico, 2016). Although the law allows for the reunification of relatives of recognized refugees within specific legal degrees — including blood relatives up to the fourth degree of the refugee and up to the second degree in the case of a spouse or common-law partner — this framework may exclude other relationships of economic, emotional, or caregiving dependency that are also part of the lived realities of forced displacement.Ā Ā 

This is compounded by a recurring challenge: the lack of identity documents or proof of family ties, often lost, destroyed, or impossible to obtain due to forced displacement. In other cases, requesting documentation from the country of origin may place individuals at risk,Ā who fled persecution or violence. This situation particularly affects stateless persons, children separated from their families, and adopted individuals, for whom proving family ties can become an almost insurmountable obstacle.Ā Ā 

Across much of Central America, one of the main challenges affects people returned or deported from the United States or Mexico. Although legal frameworks and public policies aimed at protecting the right to family unity exist, deportation and return processesĀ frequentlyĀ lead to profound family separation. The detention or expulsion of one family member can trigger situations of trauma, insecurity, and economic hardship.Ā Ā 

Moreover, many returned families find themselves in even more precarious conditions than those that initially led them to migrate, particularly due to debts incurred to finance the journey. As a result, many returnees areĀ ultimately displacedĀ within their own countriesĀ in search of safety or livelihoods (UNICEF, 2018).Ā Ā 

Human and structural challengesĀ 

The number of unaccompanied children in the region continues to rise, reflecting the severity of the situation (DWB, 2023). Their vulnerability isĀ exacerbatedĀ by slow and bureaucratic procedures, as well as disproportionate obstacles to proving family relationships in contexts of forced displacement. Time itself becomes a barrier: a child may reach adulthood while awaiting a decision andĀ consequentlyĀ lose access to certain family reunification mechanisms.Ā Ā 

The forced separation of parents or caregivers not only has profound emotional consequences forĀ families butĀ can also push households into deeper economic and social vulnerability.Ā Ā 

At the same time, there are initiatives that demonstrate alternative possibilities. Community-based programs and civil society organizations have supported efforts to facilitate access to visas and family reunification pathways for older adults and separated families, showing that institutional and community coordination can help reduce some of the existing barriers.Ā Ā 

A legal framework that remains underusedĀ 

Latin America possesses important legal tools to protect family unity. The Cartagena Declaration has consolidated family unity and reunification as fundamental principles of protection, while the American Convention on Human Rights and national legislation in countries such as Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay provide legal guarantees for its protection.Ā Ā 

Likewise, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has developed a broad and evolving interpretation of the concept of family, recognizing that it is not limited to the traditional nuclear model, but may also include relationships based on economic or emotional dependency — an important advancement that has yet to be fully reflected in practice (Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 2002). Indeed, the Court has incorporated the concept of dependency into its interpretation of family unity, helping ensure protection for vulnerable and less autonomous individuals by recognizing them as family members even in the absence of biological ties.Ā Ā 

Despite these advances, restrictive interpretations and disproportionate barriers persist, including difficult documentary requirements, unnecessary evidentiary burdens, and limited deadlines for accessing simplified procedures.Ā Ā 

A call to protect family unityĀ 

In response to this crisis, States and international organizations must:Ā 

  • Simplify procedures and reduce economic and administrative barriers that prevent access to family reunification.Ā Ā 
  • Adopt flexible approaches for people who are unable to provide documentation due to forced displacement.Ā Ā 
  • Expand the definition of family to include relationships of dependency and care that reflect the social and cultural realities of the region.Ā Ā 
  • Guarantee access to clear information, and in languages accessible to migrants and refugees.Ā Ā 
  • Promote safe and accessible pathways for initiating applications without forcing people to undertake dangerous journeys to consulates or embassies.Ā Ā 

Family represents one of the primary protection networks against vulnerability, especially for displaced persons, refugees, and returnees. On this International Day of Families, it is necessary to remember that family unity is not a privilege, but a fundamental human right.Ā 

The regionĀ possessesĀ sufficient legal tools to protect this right; the challengeĀ remainsĀ translating these commitments into accessible, flexible, and genuinely more humane and accessible systems.Ā 

Ā 

ReferencesĀ 

  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Reunificación familiar. Retrieved from: https://www.acnur.org/soluciones/reunificacion-familiarĀ Ā 
  • Mexican Commission for Refugee Assistance. Solicitud de reunificación familiar. Retrieved from: https://www.gob.mx/comar/acciones-y-programas/solicitud-de-reunificacion-familiar-de-refugiadosĀ Ā 
  • InfoDigna. ĀæCómo funciona la reunificación familiar en MĆ©xico? Retrieved from: https://www.infodigna.org/fr-fr/articles/1500001825382Ā Ā 
  • Inter-American Court of Human Rights. (2002). Condición jurĆ­dica y derechos humanos del niƱo (Advisory Opinion OC-17/02, Section VIII). Retrieved from: https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_17_esp.pdfĀ Ā 
  • El Sol de Cuautla. Desde Cuautla, impulsan visas para adultos mayores que buscan reunirse con sus hijos en EU. Retrieved from: https://oem.com.mx/elsoldecuautla/local/desde-cuautla-impulsan-visas-para-adultos-mayores-que-buscan-reunirse-con-sus-hijos-en-eu-29766927Ā Ā 
  • Hamilton, E. R., Langer, P., Masferrer, C., et al. (2025). Separación y planes de reunificación familiar despuĆ©s de la deportación a MĆ©xico desde Estados Unidos. Migraciones Internacionales, 16. Retrieved from: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062025000100104&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=esĀ Ā 
  • Global Fund for Children. (2019). Juventud y migración en CentroamĆ©rica, MĆ©xico y Estados Unidos. Retrieved from: https://globalfundforchildren.org/fr/story/youth-and-migration-in-central-america-mexico-and-the-united-states/Ā Ā 
  • Jastram, K., & Newland, K. (2003). Family unity and refugee protection. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/es/ref/polilegal/cup/2003/49731Ā Ā 
  • Doctors Without Borders.Ā MigrarĀ mĆ”sĀ deĀ unaĀ vezĀ yĀ separarseĀ de laĀ familia,Ā asĆ­Ā es la vida de miles en AmĆ©rica Latina.Ā RetrievedĀ from: https://msf.mx/actualidad/migrar-mas-de-una-vez-y-separarse-de-la-familia-asi-es-la-vida-de-miles-en-america-latina/Ā Ā 
  • Nicholson, F. (2018). The ā€œessential rightā€ to family unity of refugees and others in need of international protection in the context of family reunification (Legal and protection policy research series No. 36). Retrieved from: https://www.unhcr.org/media/no-36-essential-right-family-unity-refugees-and-others-need-international-protection-contextĀ Ā 
  • United Nations Children’s Fund. (2018). Uprooted in Central America and Mexico. Retrieved from: https://www.unicef.org/reports/uprooted-central-america-and-mexicoĀ 

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