U.S COMMITTEE FOR REFUGEES AND IMMIGRANTS
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Climate Solutions in Refugee Camps

April 22, 2025

Last year was the hottest year on record on our planet. This unprecedented warming and extreme climate events, like high floods, extreme drought, and raging wildfires, forced people out of their homes and displaced communities.

Some of these extreme climate events affected people who were already forcibly displaced. Climate events in displacement settings have acute impacts. Refugee camps are often in isolated locations that are vulnerable to climate impacts, such as drought, flooding, landslides, extreme heat, and extreme cold. Countries like Chad face worsening natural disasters, jeopardizing not only people but food production. But Chad is also a leading host country for refugees in its region– hosting over 580,000 refugees–and needs to provide food and stability for its citizens and refugees alike.

Climate impacts can cause refugees in camps to be subsequently displaced, as they flee flooded areas or storm-devastated structures. Refugee camps are often intended to be temporary settlements, and structures can lack weather protection measures. As conflicts persist, refugees rely on these structures as a source of long-term protection. And refugee camps themselves can produce negative climate impacts, as more individuals need resources, sanitation, and land for dwellings and farming.

International organizations are working to change this by increasing climate resilience in refugee camps. In the Strategic Framework for Climate Action, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stated that it would enhance climate resilience and preserve the environment in refugee camps and host communities. Additionally, through its Clean Energy Challenge, UNHCR aims to bring reliable and sustainable energy to all refugee settlements by 2030.

But the organizations we seek to highlight today are led by refugees and displaced people who are at the forefront of climate solutions in refugee camps.

 

Finding Alternatives to Firewood

Finding alternatives to firewood for cooking has become an important project for climate resilience and physical safety. Collecting firewood is a daily task that forces refugees, mostly women and girls, to travel outside of the camps and long distances to cook food for their families. On these journeys, women and girls face an increased risk of gender-based violence and harassment from host communities, who compete for the same scarce resources.

In Cameroon, the Green Refugee Camp provided eco-friendly cooking alternatives, including briquettes made from agricultural discards, such as peanut shells and wheat husks. Over 4,000 eco-friendly cooking stoves were distributed in 2017. Women in the refugee camps taught others how to use the new stoves. These solutions not only produced climate solutions, but they also encouraged community strengthening.

In order to tackle deforestation in areas around refugee camps, Green Environment, a refugee-led organization (RLO) in Nakivale Refugee Camp in Uganda, launched a tree planting campaign. Planting trees in Uganda, where deforestation is a national environmental issue, helped to alleviate host community environmental concerns. Plus, it greenified community spaces.

 

Renewable Energy Sources

Climate solution projects can provide jobs for refugees. In Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, “Each One Teach One – Train to Earn” trains youth and women to operate and install solar panels. YICE Uganda is teaching refugees regenerative agriculture techniques in resource-poor areas.

A refugee from the Democratic Republic of the Congo started Resilience Action International (RAI) in Kakuma Refugee Camp. RAI distributes solar power to homes and businesses that are not connected to the public electricity grid, providing an alternative to diesel generators and charcoal. RAI is another example of a RLO that employs refugees and creates economic growth opportunities for refugee businesses. Another refugee-led project in Tongogara Refugee Camp in Zimbabwe is installing solar panels and donating solar lighting kits.

 

Looking Ahead

Climate solutions are available, but implementation can be challenging. For example, eco-friendly stoves are only useful if there is food to cook.

Solar cookers provided to households in Kakuma Refugee Camp had a positive impact on communities until there was no food to cook, following cuts to food rations in the camp. While the climate solution was there, so was starvation. There was simply no food for refugees to cook.

Also, while RLOs are usually at the forefront of aid delivery or implementation, RLO leaders in Uganda stated that they need reliable and durable partnerships to ensure that their organizations are viable. In short, RLOs need to be empowered to lead solutions, rather than merely implement them.

In November 2024, the “Refugees for Climate Action” network was announced at COP29 (the 29th Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change). Hosted by UNHCR, the network is meant to be a space for refugees and displaced people to share their unique experiences and knowledge on climate change. As climate events continue to impact refugees in various displacement settings, we need to continue to center refugee perspectives to ensure that climate solutions are meaningful.


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