
The 1951 Refugee Convention: Displacement...
For a backgrounder on the refugee definition, see “Defining ‘Refugees’—An Exclusionary Legacy.” The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of...
READ FULL STORYHumanitarian funding is financial support for the purpose of sustaining lives and alleviating suffering. Humanitarian funding is viewed as serving short-term, emergency purposes. But funding humanitarian aid has lasting impacts by ensuring that the world’s most vulnerable can access healthcare, food, and shelter to regain self-sufficiency.
Humanitarian funding can be provided by governments, organizations, and individuals. While many different organizations deliver humanitarian aid, the United Nations (UN) often takes the lead on coordinating emergency responses.
Some of the first UN relief responses provided humanitarian aid to refugees. Even before the UN was officially established, countries funded post-war relief operations, including the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). From 1943, UNRRA provided food, healthcare, and cash assistance to refugees displaced due to World War II. It also assisted with safe repatriation and family reunification. When it was dissolved in 1948, many of its functions were transferred to the International Refugee Organization, the predecessor to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Five UN entities have a primary responsibility for delivering humanitarian aid. UNHCR is tasked with the protection of refugees, but it works with other UN entities to ensure comprehensive responses.
The United States is the highest contributor to UNHCR. In 2024, U.S. Government contributions totaled $2.056 billion. The second-highest contributor was Germany, who contributed about 16 percent of what the United States contributed, which totaled $332.7 million.
To date, U.S. Government contributions in 2025 have so far only reached $391.9 million, which is projected to be about 80 percent less than 2024 levels. Against a historic funding shortfall, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) launched a “survival appeal” of $29 million to meet urgent global needs.
Chart: Contribution Trend of the United States of America
Source: UNHCR
Funding shortfalls lead directly to human suffering. UNHCR and partners have started to prioritize core life-saving activities (food, primary health care, protection, emergency shelter, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)), deferring other less time-critical activities. Despite this hyper-prioritization strategy, the World Food Programme (WFP) is forced to cut food rations down to 28 percent of the minimum food basket in Kenya’s refugee camps. WFP already expects it will need to cut food rations further if it does not get immediate funding. Refugees will starve, not because of a lack of will to deliver humanitarian aid but simply because of a lack of funds.
In the context of Ukraine, that means that UNHCR has had to reduce its projected impact of aid from 2.1 million to 1.5 million refugees (out of over 5.6 million total refugees). It also means cuts to cash assistance—an effective form of aid that gives directly impacted people the power to decide their life-sustaining needs.
U.S. Humanitarian Funding
The United States funds humanitarian aid because of the nation’s longstanding role as a humanitarian leader. Providing relief to refugees also promotes safe and dignified migration, global health, and regional stability. American foreign policy is often driven by a “3D” approach—defense, diplomacy, and development. “Development” serves a larger foreign policy strategy, and it can also prevent the need to spend on defense and diplomacy.
Every year, Congress appropriates funds for humanitarian aid, and those funds are managed by numerous agencies and appropriation accounts. In this fiscal year, the U.S. Department of State (DOS) funds aid through three main humanitarian assistance accounts: Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA), Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance (ERMA), and International Disaster Assistance (IDA). Congress also appropriated funds for U.S. contributions to UN aid agencies, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), through the Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) account.
The ERMA account is an emergency fund that allows the U.S. Government to support unexpected refugee needs to provide shelter, nutrition, water and sanitation, health, and mental health. ERMA recently helped fund the U.S. response to the crisis in Afghanistan. In 2023,* Congress appropriated $100,000 to the ERMA account.
The MRA account is the primary account of the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM), a humanitarian arm of the DOS. The account supports life-sustaining assistance to refugees, victims of conflict, internally displaced persons (IDPs), stateless persons, and vulnerable migrants. The MRA account also funds contributions to UNHCR. In 2023, Congress appropriated $4.4 billion, plus an additional $1.5 billion for emergencies.
On May 28, the White House sent a rescission package to Congress, asking for cuts to funds already appropriated. In total, the rescissions package proposes a $8.3 billion cut in foreign assistance funds, jeopardizing aid targeting malnutrition, malaria, and AIDS/HIV.
Humanitarian Assistance Account | Proposed Rescission in H.R. 4 | Percentage of Enacted Amount |
Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) FY 2025 | $800,000,000 | 25 |
International Disaster Assistance (IDA) FY 2025 | $496,000,000 | 12.4 |
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) FY 2024 | $33,008,764 | 2.2 |
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO) FY 2025 | $168,837,230 | 10.9 |
Furthermore, DOS is seeking to close humanitarian assistance accounts. Congressional appropriations has earmarked funds for UNHCR and aid to refugees since the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962. Since then, Congress has funded the MRA account to support U.S. commitment to humanitarian principles by providing aid to victims of persecution and armed conflict. Yet, on June 2, DOS proposed to close MRA and IDA in the next fiscal year. Instead, it plans to create a new International Humanitarian Assistance account that would be responsible for funding nearly all U.S. foreign assistance and refugee resettlement. Losing longstanding, historic accounts that specifically provide aid to refugees would risk the nation’s ability to maintain global leadership in refugee response and resettlement.
H.R. 4, the “Rescissions Act of 2025” narrowly passed the House, was amended by the Senate, and is currently in the House to vote on the amended version. If a simple majority passes the bill, it will result in significant cuts to humanitarian aid for refugees.
*FY 2023 enacted levels. For FY 2024 and FY 2025, Congress passed continuing resolutions to fund the U.S. Government, and base funding levels were the same, save some exceptions.
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