The Double Minority Challenge Faced...
By Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA...
READ FULL STORYDifference is of the essence of humanity. Difference is an accident of birth and it should therefore never be the source of hatred or conflict. The answer to difference is to respect it. Therein lies a most fundamental principle of peace: respect for diversity.
– John Hume
According to UNESCO’s Declaration of Principles on Tolerance (1996), tolerance is neither indulgence nor indifference, and is defined as:
“Tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of our world’s cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, and freedom of thought, conscience and belief. Tolerance is harmony in difference. It is not only a moral duty, it is also a political and legal requirement. Tolerance, the virtue that makes peace possible, contributes to the replacement of the culture of war by a culture of peace.”
The International Day of Tolerance, observed annually on November 16, was established by the United Nations in 1995 to promote respect, appreciation, and acceptance of the world’s diverse cultures, beliefs, and lifestyles. It stands as a reminder that tolerance is essential in fostering peaceful coexistence, especially in an increasingly multicultural world, shaped by voluntary and forced migration. This is particularly significant when considering the plight of refugees and immigrants, who often face challenges rooted in prejudice, discrimination, and xenophobia.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that there are over 281 million international migrants, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports approximately 35 million refugees worldwide as of 2022 (IOM, 2022; UNHCR, 2022). Many of these individuals face considerable difficulties upon arrival in host countries, often encountering language barriers, cultural misunderstandings, and socio-economic challenges. Because of systemic discrimination and social exclusion, immigrants and refugees, in some cases, are stigmatized and treated as outsiders. The need for tolerance becomes paramount in fostering inclusive societies where refugees and immigrants can thrive.
A key study by Berry et al. (2016) on acculturation and social integration highlights the importance of tolerance within host societies, finding that societies with inclusive policies and positive attitudes towards diversity foster better social, mental, and economic outcomes for immigrants. By promoting tolerance, host countries can help create environments where immigrants feel welcome and have equal access to resources and opportunities.
Tolerance has significant psychological implications for both refugees and immigrants. Research by Schmitt et al. (2014) found that discrimination and exclusion have a profound impact on mental health, often leading to anxiety, depression, and feelings of hopelessness among refugees. Conversely, positive and inclusive interactions contribute to a sense of belonging, which is crucial for psychological well-being. Studies have shown that fostering a culture of tolerance, in which refugees and immigrants are not only accepted but also supported, improves their mental health outcomes (Silove et al., 2017). This underscores the need for mental health interventions that address prejudice and support tolerance-building initiatives.
Furthermore, Silove et al. (2017) argue that initiatives promoting tolerance in schools, workplaces, and communities can help mitigate these negative effects. Programs that foster intercultural understanding and empathy – such as language classes, cultural exchange programs, and educational campaigns – are crucial in reducing prejudice and promoting acceptance of diversity.
Beyond individual benefits, tolerance also plays an essential role in societal cohesion and stability. Communities that embrace cultural diversity are often more innovative and economically prosperous. A study by Ottaviano and Peri (2006) revealed that regions with high levels of immigrant diversity tend to have greater economic growth due to the variety of skills and perspectives introduced by newcomers. Moreover, tolerance reduces social tensions and the risk of conflict by promoting mutual understanding among diverse groups (Wright & Bloemraad, 2012).
Tolerance towards immigrants and refugees also strengthens democratic values within societies. By fostering inclusivity and ensuring that all members of society are treated with respect, communities can better uphold principles such as equality and justice. These values are crucial in supporting democratic institutions and creating resilient societies in the face of growing diversity.
Institutions play a crucial role in promoting tolerance through policies that prevent discrimination and protect the rights of all individuals. Policies that support refugee resettlement, offer language and vocational training, and combat hate crimes are essential in creating an inclusive environment for refugees and immigrants. The United Nations, for instance, promotes tolerance through educational programs and awareness campaigns designed to combat xenophobia and discrimination (UNESCO, 1996).
At the national level, governments can also enact policies that promote integration, such as anti-discrimination laws, support for intercultural education, and initiatives to address socio-economic disparities. Effective policies that address these areas can significantly improve the experiences of refugees and immigrants and foster tolerance within host societies (Berry et al., 2016).
The International Day of Tolerance serves as an essential reminder of the need for respect and appreciation of cultural diversity, particularly in relation to refugees and immigrants who are often marginalized. By fostering tolerance through societal attitudes, mental health support, and policy initiatives, communities can help ensure that refugees and immigrants are integrated successfully and that their contributions are recognized. Ultimately, tolerance is not just about accepting others but also about creating inclusive environments where everyone can participate fully and contribute to society. Tolerance is essential for international harmony, and peace can only be achieved when we accept and respect the multicultural character of humanity.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2016). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 55(3), 303-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00256.x
IOM [International Organization for Migration]. (2022). World Migration Report 2022. https://www.iom.int
Ottaviano, G. I. P., & Peri, G. (2006). The economic value of cultural diversity: Evidence from US cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(1), 9-44. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbi001
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 921–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754
Silove, D., Ventevogel, P., & Rees, S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20438
UNESCO. (1996). Declaration of Principles on Tolerance. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org
By Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA...
READ FULL STORYBy: Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA...
READ FULL STORYLast night, the American people made their voices heard, exercising the foundational right to vote. America’s greatness lies not only...
READ FULL STORY