USCRI Honors Former President Jimmy...
This week, we honor and remember former President Jimmy Carter, whose unwavering commitment to humanitarian service has left an indelible...
READ FULL STORYBy: Rosalind Ghafar Rogers, PhD, LMHC, Clinical Behavioral Health Subject Matter Expert
with USCRI’s Refugee Health Services in Arlington, VA
As we transition from the holidays into the new year, January, which is Mental Wellness Month, provides us the opportunity to consciously reflect, assess, recalibrate, and fortify our mental wellness, fostering resilience and holistic wellbeing for the year ahead. Mental Wellness Month highlights the importance of integrating mental and physical health, understanding the natural link between our mind and body, proactively taking care of our mental wellbeing before issues arise, and inspiring positive changes that strengthen our overall wellbeing.
For those working in the field of refugee resettlement, mental wellness is imperative. Refugee resettlement workers play a critical role in assisting individuals and families who have fled persecution, war, or other crises. Many who work in this field express compassion and empathy for their refugee clients and find their work deeply fulfilling, regardless of the many challenges they face – social justice, defending human rights, and ensuring optimal health and successful integration, whilst engaged with human suffering derived from the cumulative and severe traumatic experiences lived by refugees and other forcibly displaced populations (Tessitore et al., 2023). Due to these challenges and a variety of other factors inherent to refugee resettlement work, including uncertainty around changes to policies, funding, and work demands as a result of the upcoming transition between presidential administrations, refugee resettlement service providers are at a heightened risk of burnout, vicarious traumatization, and secondary traumatic stress (STS). In fact, recent studies of professionals and volunteers working with forcibly displaced people found that nearly half of the respondents had moderate to severe levels of STS and burnout (Roberts et al., 2021; Yükseker et al., 2024). Research studies also show that burnout and STS among resettlement providers may adversely affect the services they provide to their traumatized refugee clients (Akinsulure-Smith et al., 2018; Guskovict & Potocky, 2018). Professionals in this field are not always well-equipped to cope with many systemic and structural challenges and respond to the needs of refugees, since their professional wellbeing may be a marginalized area of investment due to the scarcity and precariousness of resources destined for these services (Tessitore et al., 2023). Therefore, understanding these phenomena and mitigating their effects are essential for sustaining well-being and professional effectiveness.
Burnout is a state of physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion and hopelessness caused by prolonged exposure to demanding work environments (Maslach et al., 2001). Refugee resettlement workers often juggle large caseloads, limited funding, complex systems, bureaucratic hurdles and red tape, and the profound suffering of their clients. Research indicates that chronic exposure to such stressors can lead to depersonalization, reduced professional efficacy, and emotional exhaustion (Kim et al., 2019).
Vicarious trauma refers to the cumulative transformative effect on a helper caused by empathetically engaging with trauma survivors (McCann & Pearlman, 1990). This exposure can lead to alterations in the helper’s worldview, emotional state, and relationships. For refugee workers, hearing harrowing accounts of violence, loss, and displacement can distort their perceptions of safety and trust, leading to feelings of hopelessness and disconnection (Baird & Kracen, 2006).
STS is characterized by symptoms resembling post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and arises from indirect exposure to traumatic events (Figley, 1995). Refugee resettlement workers may experience symptoms such as intrusive thoughts, difficulties sleeping or nightmares, hypervigilance, diminished interest in and avoidance of activities, detachment from others, and diminished affect or emotional numbness because of their clients’ trauma narratives. Moreover, as seen in studies on people with PTSD symptoms, trauma and secondary trauma can disrupt emotional regulation processes, thereby adversely affecting emotional awareness and clarity, impulse control, and the use of effective regulation strategies to reduce the intensity of emotions (Tessitore et al., 2023). Moreover, prolonged STS can also impair refugee resettlement workers’ ability to effectively support their clients and maintain personal relationships (Bride et al., 2004).
Maintaining mental health and resilience is critical for refugee resettlement workers. Below are evidence-based strategies to mitigate the effects of burnout, vicarious trauma, and STS.
Refugee-serving organizations play a crucial role in protecting against adverse outcomes in their resettlement workforce through policies and practices that intentionally enhance worker wellbeing, particularly among those most directly engaged in providing direct services. For example, attention and resources are necessary to improve workplace conditions, such as promoting manageable workloads and work hours, offering mental health resources and organizational support, fairness in decision-making, and creating a culture of openness and support (Ying & Han, 2009). Creating adequate time and space for providers to engage and connect meaningfully with refugee clients may mitigate adverse outcomes, improve job satisfaction, and the long-term retention of skilled and experienced staff (Rodgers et al., 2023). Furthermore, research suggests that regular supervision, access to peer support networks, and regular professional development training can help workers process difficult experiences, share effective coping mechanisms, and develop emotion regulation skills, all of which will assist in improving professional satisfaction and mental and physical wellness (Pack, 2014; Tessitore eta l., 2023).
Mindfulness, the practice of being fully present and immersed in the current moment while being fully connected to our bodies and senses, allows us to create space between ourselves and our thoughts. Practicing mindfulness encourages us to observe our internal state without judgment or reaction which can lead to improved emotional management and overall mental and emotional wellbeing. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as meditation, focused breathing, or mindful walking, have been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, improve attention, foster resilience, enhance emotional regulation, and promote general wellbeing (Lusk & Terrazas, 2021; Smith et al., 2016; Tessitore et al., 2023).
Self-care is not selfish – it is essential to our wellbeing. Engaging in regular physical activity, getting adequate sleep, drinking plenty of water, eating a balanced diet, engaging in pleasurable activities and hobbies, and seeking social connection are all ways to replenish our emotional reserves and foster resilience (Guskovict & Potocky, 2018; Saakvitne & Pearlman, 1996; Smith et al., 2016).
Burnout, vicarious trauma, and secondary traumatic stress are significant occupational hazards for refugee resettlement workers. However, with healthy coping skills, self-care strategies, and robust organizational support, refugee resettlement workers can enhance their mental wellness and be effective in professionally supporting refugees so that they may rebuild their lives in the United States.
References
Akinsulure-Smith AM, Espinosa A, Chu T, et al. (2018) Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among refugee resettlement workers: The role of coping and emotional intelligence. Journal of Traumatic Stress 31, 202–212.
Baird, K., & Kracen, A. C. (2006). Vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress: A research synthesis. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 181-188.
Bride, B. E., Robinson, M. M., Yegidis, B., & Figley, C. R. (2004). Development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(1), 27-35.
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Brunner/Mazel.
Guskovict, K. L & Potocky, M. (2018). Mitigating psychological distress among humanitarian staff working with migrants and refugees: A case example. Advances in Social Work, 18(3): 965–982.
Kim, H., Ji, J., & Kao, D. (2019). Burnout and physical health among social workers: A three-year longitudinal study. Social Work, 64(4), 351-360.
Knight, C. (2013). Indirect trauma: Implications for self-care, supervision, the organization, and the academic institution. The Clinical Supervisor, 32(2), 224-243.
Lusk, M. & Terrazas, S. (2021). Ameliorating stress and burnout among professionals who work with migrants and refugees. Journal of Human Services: Training, Research, and Practice, 7(2), Article 3.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 131-149.
Pack, M. (2014). Vicarious resilience: A multilayered model of stress and trauma. Journal of Social Work Practice, 28(1), 63-79.
Rodgers, G., Shaw, S., Wachter, K., & Boisvert, J. (2023). Compassion satisfaction, burnout and secondary traumatic stress among refugee resettlement workers in the United States. Switchboard, International Rescue Committee. Retrieved from https://www.switchboardta.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Research-Manuscript_Compassion-Satisfaction-Burnout-and-Secondary-Traumatic-Stress-among-Refugee-Resettlement-Workers-in-the-United-States.pdf
Saakvitne, K. W., & Pearlman, L. A. (1996). Transforming the pain: A workbook on vicarious traumatization. W. W. Norton & Company.
Smith, B. W., Shelley, B. M., Dalen, J., & Wiggins, K. (2016). Mindfulness-based stress reduction: Effects on resilience and stress in family members of veterans with PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(8), 735-744.
Tessitore, F., Caffieri, A., Parola, A., Cozzolino, M., & Margherita, G. (2023). The role of emotion regulation as a potential mediator between secondary traumatic stress, burnout, and compassion satisfaction in professionals working in the forced migration field. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032266
Ying, Y., & Han, M. (2009). Stress and coping with a professional challenge in entering MSW students: the role of self-compassion. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 28(3), 263-283.
Yükseker, D., Meinhart, M., Tekin, U., Şahin Taşğın, N., Demirbaş, E., Dasgupta, A., Kaushal, N., & El-Bassel, N. (2024). Manifestations and drivers of secondary trauma among service providers working with Syrian refugees: A mixed-methods study from Istanbul, Turkey. International Social Work, 67(6), 1347-1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728241277924
This week, we honor and remember former President Jimmy Carter, whose unwavering commitment to humanitarian service has left an indelible...
READ FULL STORYBy Alexia Gardner Photo credit: Alex Reep Before becoming a crown jewel of the conservation movement, most U.S. national...
READ FULL STORYTo adapt to a changing environment, increasing numbers of people will be on the move. But current legal frameworks have...
READ FULL STORY