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READ FULL STORYCameroon is an independent country of approximately 28.3 million people located on the west coast of Africa. Cameroon borders the Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea.
Since 2016, people in Cameroon have suffered through violent clashes between governmental security forces and separatist armed groups in what is known as the “Anglophone crisis.” The crisis is the result of harmful colonial legacies and political struggle between the Francophone majority and the Anglophone minority. Violence has largely affected populations in Anglophone-majority North West and South West regions. Attacks on civilians and instability have caused over 900,000 people to flee internally and 60,000 people to flee abroad.
On July 5, Germany formed the colony “Kamerun.” Before it was colonized, European presence was concentrated on the coast for trade and kidnapping people for slavery.
During World War I, British forces invaded and occupied German Kamerun. After the war, on June 28, the League of Nations established the mandate system. For German colonies in Central Africa, the League of Nations forcibly placed these lands and populations under another country’s administration. German Kamerun was split into two territories—the northern region was placed under British rule and the remaining southern region (about four-fifths of German Kamerun) was placed under French rule. The two territories were placed under United Nations (UN) Trusteeship in 1946, but they were still administered by French and British imperialist Governments.
The Union of Cameroonian Peoples (UPC) rebelled against the French Government. Approximately 2,000 people were killed in political violence between December 1956 and January 1957. On February 18, 1959, a UN fact-finding mission recommended that French Cameroon become independent.
On January 1, French Cameroun officially achieved independence, becoming the République du Cameroun. On May 6, Ahmadou Ahidjo was elected President and held power for over 20 years. The UPC stated in its manifesto that Ahidjo is beholden to foreign interests and accused him of operating like an “apprentice dictator.”
In February, Cameroonians in British-occupied territory voted on whether to join Nigeria or the Republic of Cameroon. Total independence was not presented as an option. The Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, while the Southern Cameroons voted to join the Republic of Cameroon.
Southern Cameroons and the République du Cameroun held constitutional talks in preparation for unification. On October 1, 1961, Cameroon became a federal republic. British Southern Cameroon and the République du Cameroun unified as two federated states. But in practice, power was highly centralized and held by the Francophone majority.
On May 20, Cameroon held a public referendum and established a new constitution to formalize a return to unitary government. The 1972 Constitution redirected power to the President, and the country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon.
While over 95 percent of the electorate voted for the 1972 Constitution, Anglophone leaders point to this event as a total reversal of promises made to British Southern Cameroon during constitutional talks.
Ahidjo stepped down as President and handed power to Paul Biya peacefully. However, power struggles continued as Ahidjo remained head of the ruling political party until 1983.
In March, President Biya reinstated the name of the country prior to unification in 1961—the Republic of Cameroon.
On April 6, supporters of former president Ahidjo attempted a coup against President Biya. The attempted coup deepened regional tensions between northern and southern Cameroon and resulted in 70 deaths, 1,053 arrests, and 46 executions.
Fongum Gorji Dinka, head of the Cameroon Bar Association, called for an independent Ambazonia state for previous British Southern Cameroon. On May 31, Dinka was arrested and detained by the Cameroonian Government. When he escaped, he claimed asylum at the British embassy. His asylum request was rejected, and he was re-detained and held at the paramilitary police force’s headquarters. During detention, Dinka suffered a stroke that resulted in paralysis of his left side. Dinka was later tried for high treason but was acquitted of all charges and released.
In February, “the Douala Ten” were arrested after they attempted to form an opposition party. Until this time, the Cameroonian Government was ruled by a single party, the Cameroon National Union. The Douala Ten were tried for charges of “subversion.”
On May 26, six people were killed by governmental security forces during rallies for the inauguration of the Social Democratic Front (SDF), an opposition party led by an Anglophone politician.
Eight people were killed in government crack-downs on pro-democracy demonstrations. Nearly 300 students were arrested for demonstrating at the University of Yaoundé. On June 25, a coalition of opposition parties, the National Coordination Committee of Opposition Parties (NCCOP), organized a nationwide strike (“Operation Ghost Town”) to shut down transportation services, ports, shops, and businesses. Opposition leaders called on President Biya to organize a national conference for political plurality. In response, the Government sent military commanders to forcibly break up political activities.
On October 30, the Tripartite Conference convened, and a body of seven Francophone leaders and four Anglophone leaders was created to evaluate and rewrite the constitution. The President agreed to call national elections.
National elections, the first after multiparty politics were allowed, were held. President Biya declared victory in a contested election against John Fru Ndi, a prominent Anglophone politician. International observers declared that the election process was not free and fair.
A new constitution was promulgated. While the 1996 Constitution purported to create a “decentralized unitary state,” power was largely retained in the Presidency.
In October, lawyers, students, and teachers started peaceful demonstrations after French-speaking judges and teachers were sent to Anglophone-majority regions by the Francophone-majority Government. After colonial rule, Cameroon inherited two legal systems, and Anglophone-majority regions retained the common law system inherited by British imperialists. But the sudden
imposition of Francophone judges threatened Anglophone representation in the legal
profession. The Government’s move intensified feelings of the Anglophone minority that Francophone elites were set on marginalizing their political and cultural significance. Demonstrations were violently broken up by military forces who fired live ammunition and launched teargas on civilians. These events mark the beginning of the current “Anglophone crisis.”
In January, negotiations between the Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium and the Government broke down after further reports of police abuses on demonstrators. The Consortium called for another widespread strike and revival of Operation Ghost Town in Anglophone-majority regions. The Government responded by shutting down the internet, banning the Consortium, and arresting its leaders.
A wave of demonstrations and violent clashes with governmental security forces led to concentrated calls for independence by separatist groups. Between October 2016 and February 2017, at least nine people were killed in violent clashes. The Cameroonian government claimed that it arrested 82 people, but the SDF opposition party claimed that 150 people were arrested, including journalists, lawyers, and Anglophone politicians.
In October, on the anniversary of the 1961 unification, separatists led by Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe claimed independence of Anglophone-majority regions. Violent clashes between protestors and governmental security forces resulted in more than 20 protestors shot and more than 500 people arrested.
Separatist armed groups emerged and enacted violence on governmental security forces and civilians. One of the most prominent, the Ambazonia Defence Forces (ADF), was accused of committing crimes against humanity.
Separatist leader Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe was arrested in Nigeria and forcibly sent to Cameroon, despite requesting asylum. A Nigerian court later determined that the arrest and forced expulsion of Ayuk Tabe and 47 Anglophone separatists to Cameroon was illegal. In military trials, Ayuk Tabe and nine other supporters were sentenced to life in prison.
President Biya called for a “national dialogue,” which broke down due to inadequate assurances to protect the integrity of the process. Many of the separatist and Anglophone leaders were imprisoned and unable to participate.
President Biya granted “special status” to Anglophone-majority regions North West and South West. The Cameroonian Government established regional assemblies for each region, which were given nominally more power than existing regional councils. Anglophone leaders and separatists did not welcome the announcement, and clashes continued.
In February, governmental security forces and allied ethnic Fulani militia killed 21 civilians in a massacre in Ngarbuh, a town in the Anglophone-majority North West region. While the Government initially denied allegations of civilian killings, it released an investigative report that was factually flawed but included a promise to work with human rights organizations.
In March, military personnel committed mass rape in a raid in Ebam, a village in the Anglophone-majority South West region. Survivors believe that the mass rape was a reprisal attack, meant to punish and chill support for separatists.
Human rights abuses linked to the Anglophone crisis persist. In late 2024, Anglophone-majority regions were still suffering from ad-hoc lockdowns, armed clashes, abductions, and reprisal attacks on civilians. Governmental security forces and separatist armed groups target civilians for killings and kidnappings for ransom. Journalists and human rights workers are at risk of arbitrary killings in Anglophone-majority regions.
The Anglophone crisis has caused over 900,000 people to flee internally and 60,000 people to flee abroad.
Northern areas of the country are also at risk of attacks by extremist militant groups, including Boko Haram Jama’atu Ahl as-Sunnah li-Da’awati wal-Jihad (JAS) and Islamic State of West Africa Province (ISWAP). Abductions carried out by these groups doubled from 2023 to 2024, increasing the risk of violence and displacement to vulnerable communities.
President Biya has been in power since 1982 and is one of the longest-serving leaders on the continent of Africa. Cameroon is “Not Free,” according to Freedom House, due to political corruption, a lack of civil liberties, and restrictions to freedom of assembly.
As of February 2025, more than 500,000 internally displaced people were in Anglophone-majority regions. Cameroon also hosts over 400,000 refugees and asylum seekers fleeing other neighboring security situations from the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Chad, and Niger. Over 3.3 million people are in need of humanitarian aid.
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